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2d planar sofc model  (COMSOL Inc)

 
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    COMSOL Inc 2d planar sofc model
    Number of articles published on <t>SOFC</t> modeling from 1974 to 2023. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords).
    2d Planar Sofc Model, supplied by COMSOL Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/2d planar sofc model/product/COMSOL Inc
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    2d planar sofc model - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
    90/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes"

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Number of articles published on SOFC modeling from 1974 to 2023. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Number of articles published on SOFC modeling from 1974 to 2023. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords).

    Techniques Used:

    Comparison of the number of published articles on SOFC modeling by country and research institution. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords.)
    Figure Legend Snippet: Comparison of the number of published articles on SOFC modeling by country and research institution. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords.)

    Techniques Used: Comparison

    SOFC power plant for Adobe installed by Bloom Energy.
    Figure Legend Snippet: SOFC power plant for Adobe installed by Bloom Energy.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of different SOFC structures: (a) planar SOFC structure; (b) tubular SOFC structure; (c) flat tubular SOFC structure; (d) MOLB-type SOFC structure. Redrawn and modified with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Chemistry Bulletin (Chinese).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of different SOFC structures: (a) planar SOFC structure; (b) tubular SOFC structure; (c) flat tubular SOFC structure; (d) MOLB-type SOFC structure. Redrawn and modified with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Chemistry Bulletin (Chinese).

    Techniques Used: Modification

    Schematic of the top–down approach for reviewing multiscale SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of the top–down approach for reviewing multiscale SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Energy conversion of each component of a planar SOFC along the gas channel. Q represents the heat source, and the subscripts conv, cond, and rad represent heat conduction, heat convection, and heat radiation, respectively. The subscripts ref and WGS indicate reforming and WGS reactions, respectively. The subscripts in and out refer to the inlet and outlet, respectively. The subscripts a and c refer to the anode and cathode, respectively. The subscript CON refers to the interconnector. H is the gas enthalpy. The subscript Iη refers to the irreversible heat generated by electrochemical reactions. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Energy conversion of each component of a planar SOFC along the gas channel. Q represents the heat source, and the subscripts conv, cond, and rad represent heat conduction, heat convection, and heat radiation, respectively. The subscripts ref and WGS indicate reforming and WGS reactions, respectively. The subscripts in and out refer to the inlet and outlet, respectively. The subscripts a and c refer to the anode and cathode, respectively. The subscript CON refers to the interconnector. H is the gas enthalpy. The subscript Iη refers to the irreversible heat generated by electrochemical reactions. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Convection, Generated

    Schematic of the SOFC-Engine hybrid system. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of the SOFC-Engine hybrid system. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of (a) SOFC segments along the longitudinal direction and (b) the energy conservation equation with control volumes. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2005 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) SOFC segments along the longitudinal direction and (b) the energy conservation equation with control volumes. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2005 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Control

    Schematic of SOFC discretization and heat transfer processes at a node. The subscripts cd, cv, and r refer to heat conduction, convection, and radiation, respectively. The subscripts f, a, s, 1, and 2 represent the fuel channel, air channel, solid cell, inlet, and outlet, respectively. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of SOFC discretization and heat transfer processes at a node. The subscripts cd, cv, and r refer to heat conduction, convection, and radiation, respectively. The subscripts f, a, s, 1, and 2 represent the fuel channel, air channel, solid cell, inlet, and outlet, respectively. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Convection

    Schematic of (a) 3D planar SOFC unit, (b) 3D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction, and (c) 2D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) 3D planar SOFC unit, (b) 3D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction, and (c) 2D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of (a) the SOFC-H structure and (b) the SOFC-O structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2008 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the SOFC-H structure and (b) the SOFC-O structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2008 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of (a) an anode-supported planar SOFC stack; (b) cross-section of the stack; (c) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in a single cell; (d) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in the stack. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2012 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) an anode-supported planar SOFC stack; (b) cross-section of the stack; (c) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in a single cell; (d) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in the stack. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2012 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Distributions of O 2 concentrations at the cathode–electrolyte interface of SOFC stacks with (a) conventional straight channel, (b) discrete rectangular ribs; (c) discrete cylindrical ribs; (d) discrete rhombus ribs; (e) straight flow channels; (f) corrugated ribs; (g) trapezoid ribs; and (h) crisscross rectangular ribs; (i) I − V curves without considering the effect of ASR; (h) net power gain. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Distributions of O 2 concentrations at the cathode–electrolyte interface of SOFC stacks with (a) conventional straight channel, (b) discrete rectangular ribs; (c) discrete cylindrical ribs; (d) discrete rhombus ribs; (e) straight flow channels; (f) corrugated ribs; (g) trapezoid ribs; and (h) crisscross rectangular ribs; (i) I − V curves without considering the effect of ASR; (h) net power gain. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    (a) Conventional SOFC; (b) novel SOFC with bi-layer interconnector. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2011 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Conventional SOFC; (b) novel SOFC with bi-layer interconnector. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2011 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of (a) the SOFC with a conventional interconnector and (b) the SOFC using metal foam instead of a cathode rib. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the SOFC with a conventional interconnector and (b) the SOFC using metal foam instead of a cathode rib. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of (a) the 3D structure of a single-channel SOFC; (b) cross-section of the x–z plane; (c) enlarged view of the PEN structure; (d) schematic diagram of an anode with gradient porosity. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 ASME.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the 3D structure of a single-channel SOFC; (b) cross-section of the x–z plane; (c) enlarged view of the PEN structure; (d) schematic diagram of an anode with gradient porosity. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 ASME.

    Techniques Used:

    Geometric structure diagram of a cone-shaped tubular segmented SOFC. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Geometric structure diagram of a cone-shaped tubular segmented SOFC. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of 2D tubular SOFC structure with added catalytic functional layer. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of 2D tubular SOFC structure with added catalytic functional layer. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Functional Assay

    Comparison of I–V and power density curves of NH 3 -fed SOFC-O and NH 3 -fed SOFC-H at operating temperatures of (a) 700 °C and (b) 800 °C. Comparison of (c) I–V curves and (d) power density curves for four cell types at an operating temperature of 800 °C (AS: anode supported). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Comparison of I–V and power density curves of NH 3 -fed SOFC-O and NH 3 -fed SOFC-H at operating temperatures of (a) 700 °C and (b) 800 °C. Comparison of (c) I–V curves and (d) power density curves for four cell types at an operating temperature of 800 °C (AS: anode supported). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Comparison

    Four stages of SOFC fabrication and operation. (b) SOFC stress simulation analysis process. (c) the failure probability of different components during the heating process. (d) the failure probability of different components during the reduction process. (e) the maximum principal stress of different components at different operating temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 IOP science.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Four stages of SOFC fabrication and operation. (b) SOFC stress simulation analysis process. (c) the failure probability of different components during the heating process. (d) the failure probability of different components during the reduction process. (e) the maximum principal stress of different components at different operating temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 IOP science.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of geometric structure of an SOFC with three different contact modes of the cathode–electrolyte interface. #1, 1 × 1 active site; #2, 3 × 3 active sites; #3, 18 × 18 active sites. Reproduced with permission from ref. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of geometric structure of an SOFC with three different contact modes of the cathode–electrolyte interface. #1, 1 × 1 active site; #2, 3 × 3 active sites; #3, 18 × 18 active sites. Reproduced with permission from ref. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of a SOFC stack with (a) double-sided cathode channel; (b) stack assembly; (c) Z-type parallel cathode flow channel structure; (d) triple-parallel serpentine cathode flow channel structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 IOP science.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of a SOFC stack with (a) double-sided cathode channel; (b) stack assembly; (c) Z-type parallel cathode flow channel structure; (d) triple-parallel serpentine cathode flow channel structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 IOP science.

    Techniques Used:

    (a) Cross-section of a single-channel cell. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature difference in the SOFC unit with time for different (b) channel height/width (α) and (c) channel width/rib width (β) values. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 AIP.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Cross-section of a single-channel cell. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature difference in the SOFC unit with time for different (b) channel height/width (α) and (c) channel width/rib width (β) values. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 AIP.

    Techniques Used:

    Voltage drops of an SOFC in atmosphere with different phosphine concentrations. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Voltage drops of an SOFC in atmosphere with different phosphine concentrations. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Model framework of a large stack SOFC simulation. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Model framework of a large stack SOFC simulation. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of SOFC digital twin architecture. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of SOFC digital twin architecture. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Length and time scales for different SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , , and ). Copyright 2007, 2010, 2021 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Length and time scales for different SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , , and ). Copyright 2007, 2010, 2021 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Validation of model of SOFC fueled by H 2 /NH 3 with (a) O 2 spillover and (b) H 2 spillover. (c) variation of surface species concentrations in SOFC and SOEC modes with H 2 spillover mechanism. (d) sensitivity of each charge transfer reaction, surface elementary reaction, or surface diffusion coefficient in SOEC and SOFC modes. R9 and R10 refer to eqs and , respectively. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , ). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Validation of model of SOFC fueled by H 2 /NH 3 with (a) O 2 spillover and (b) H 2 spillover. (c) variation of surface species concentrations in SOFC and SOEC modes with H 2 spillover mechanism. (d) sensitivity of each charge transfer reaction, surface elementary reaction, or surface diffusion coefficient in SOEC and SOFC modes. R9 and R10 refer to eqs and , respectively. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , ). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Biomarker Discovery, Diffusion-based Assay

    Schematic of (a) micro-CT set-up and (b) nano-CT set-up; (c) reconstructed slices of the SOFC; (d) spongy anode substrate; (e) 3D volume rendering of the segmented micro channels SOFC; (f) 3D volume rendering of the segmented spongy anode; (g) SOFC with finger-like microchannels; (h) concentration gradient of the diffusion simulation on the pore phase of the segmented volume in (f). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of (a) micro-CT set-up and (b) nano-CT set-up; (c) reconstructed slices of the SOFC; (d) spongy anode substrate; (e) 3D volume rendering of the segmented micro channels SOFC; (f) 3D volume rendering of the segmented spongy anode; (g) SOFC with finger-like microchannels; (h) concentration gradient of the diffusion simulation on the pore phase of the segmented volume in (f). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Micro-CT, Concentration Assay, Diffusion-based Assay

    (a) Full life cycle of an SOFC electrode from powder to pressed tablet to sintered cell. (b) schematic illustration of the “powder-to-power” simulation framework comprising three modules: Module 1 uses DEM to simulate the mesoscopic structure of the electrode obtained after powder laminating, then PFM is used to trace the mesoscopic structure of the electrode during sintering, reduction, and long-term operation; Module 2 establishes the heterogeneous multiphysics field model of the electrode using LBM to simulate the life-cycle performance; and Module 3 uses a support vector machine to obtain the surrogate heterogeneous model of the electrode and adopts a multiobjective GA to optimize electrode performance. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Full life cycle of an SOFC electrode from powder to pressed tablet to sintered cell. (b) schematic illustration of the “powder-to-power” simulation framework comprising three modules: Module 1 uses DEM to simulate the mesoscopic structure of the electrode obtained after powder laminating, then PFM is used to trace the mesoscopic structure of the electrode during sintering, reduction, and long-term operation; Module 2 establishes the heterogeneous multiphysics field model of the electrode using LBM to simulate the life-cycle performance; and Module 3 uses a support vector machine to obtain the surrogate heterogeneous model of the electrode and adopts a multiobjective GA to optimize electrode performance. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used: Plasmid Preparation

    (a) Diagram of PEN structure, reaction process, and Ni coarsening process of direct NH 3 -fed SOFC. (b) coupling relationship between mesoscopic electrode evolution model and macroscopic single-channel cell transient degradation model. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (a) Diagram of PEN structure, reaction process, and Ni coarsening process of direct NH 3 -fed SOFC. (b) coupling relationship between mesoscopic electrode evolution model and macroscopic single-channel cell transient degradation model. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Techniques Used:

    Characteristics and Performance of Different SOFC Structures
    Figure Legend Snippet: Characteristics and Performance of Different SOFC Structures

    Techniques Used:

    Summary and Key Points of Previous SOFC Simulation Related Works
    Figure Legend Snippet: Summary and Key Points of Previous SOFC Simulation Related Works

    Techniques Used: Control

    Summary of Representative SOFC System Models <xref ref-type= a " title="Summary of Representative SOFC System Models a ..." property="contentUrl" width="100%" height="100%"/>
    Figure Legend Snippet: Summary of Representative SOFC System Models a

    Techniques Used: Biomarker Discovery, Software, Control

    Characteristics of Black Box and Spatial Distribution Models
    Figure Legend Snippet: Characteristics of Black Box and Spatial Distribution Models

    Techniques Used: Concentration Assay, Control, Comparison

    Commonly Used Equations of Fuel Reforming Kinetics in SOFC Modeling <xref ref-type= a " title="Commonly Used Equations of Fuel Reforming Kinetics in SOFC Modeling a " property="contentUrl" width="100%" height="100%"/>
    Figure Legend Snippet: Commonly Used Equations of Fuel Reforming Kinetics in SOFC Modeling a

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Biomarker Discovery, Gasification Assay

    Representative Studies on SOFC Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms
    Figure Legend Snippet: Representative Studies on SOFC Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms

    Techniques Used: Software, Biomarker Discovery, Comparison, Construct, Modification, Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay

    Representative Studies on SOFC Structure Optimization
    Figure Legend Snippet: Representative Studies on SOFC Structure Optimization

    Techniques Used: Software, Diffusion-based Assay, Modification, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Selection

    Representative Studies on Simulations of SOFCs Fueled by Different Fuels
    Figure Legend Snippet: Representative Studies on Simulations of SOFCs Fueled by Different Fuels

    Techniques Used: Software, Functional Assay, Concentration Assay, Comparison, In Situ

    Mechanical Properties of Commonly Used SOFC Materials <xref ref-type= 210 − 212 " title="Mechanical Properties of Commonly Used SOFC Materials 210 ..." property="contentUrl" width="100%" height="100%"/>
    Figure Legend Snippet: Mechanical Properties of Commonly Used SOFC Materials 210 − 212

    Techniques Used:

    SOFC Soft Failure Mechanisms and Suppression Measures
    Figure Legend Snippet: SOFC Soft Failure Mechanisms and Suppression Measures

    Techniques Used: Generated, Adsorption, Diffusion-based Assay

    Summary of Whole-Cell/Electrode Multi-Physics Simulation Studies Based on Microstructural Reconstruction
    Figure Legend Snippet: Summary of Whole-Cell/Electrode Multi-Physics Simulation Studies Based on Microstructural Reconstruction

    Techniques Used: Extraction, Comparison, Imaging, Diffusion-based Assay

    Application-Oriented Comparison of SOFC MPMs at Different Scales
    Figure Legend Snippet: Application-Oriented Comparison of SOFC MPMs at Different Scales

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Software, Extraction



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    Image Search Results


    Number of articles published on SOFC modeling from 1974 to 2023. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords).

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Number of articles published on SOFC modeling from 1974 to 2023. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords).

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Comparison of the number of published articles on SOFC modeling by country and research institution. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords.)

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of the number of published articles on SOFC modeling by country and research institution. (Data from SCOPUS database, searching for the keywords (SOFC OR (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) AND (Model OR Modeling) in the title, abstract, or keywords.)

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Comparison

    SOFC power plant for Adobe installed by Bloom Energy.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SOFC power plant for Adobe installed by Bloom Energy.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of different SOFC structures: (a) planar SOFC structure; (b) tubular SOFC structure; (c) flat tubular SOFC structure; (d) MOLB-type SOFC structure. Redrawn and modified with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Chemistry Bulletin (Chinese).

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of different SOFC structures: (a) planar SOFC structure; (b) tubular SOFC structure; (c) flat tubular SOFC structure; (d) MOLB-type SOFC structure. Redrawn and modified with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Chemistry Bulletin (Chinese).

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Modification

    Schematic of the top–down approach for reviewing multiscale SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the top–down approach for reviewing multiscale SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Energy conversion of each component of a planar SOFC along the gas channel. Q represents the heat source, and the subscripts conv, cond, and rad represent heat conduction, heat convection, and heat radiation, respectively. The subscripts ref and WGS indicate reforming and WGS reactions, respectively. The subscripts in and out refer to the inlet and outlet, respectively. The subscripts a and c refer to the anode and cathode, respectively. The subscript CON refers to the interconnector. H is the gas enthalpy. The subscript Iη refers to the irreversible heat generated by electrochemical reactions. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Energy conversion of each component of a planar SOFC along the gas channel. Q represents the heat source, and the subscripts conv, cond, and rad represent heat conduction, heat convection, and heat radiation, respectively. The subscripts ref and WGS indicate reforming and WGS reactions, respectively. The subscripts in and out refer to the inlet and outlet, respectively. The subscripts a and c refer to the anode and cathode, respectively. The subscript CON refers to the interconnector. H is the gas enthalpy. The subscript Iη refers to the irreversible heat generated by electrochemical reactions. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Convection, Generated

    Schematic of the SOFC-Engine hybrid system. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the SOFC-Engine hybrid system. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of (a) SOFC segments along the longitudinal direction and (b) the energy conservation equation with control volumes. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2005 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) SOFC segments along the longitudinal direction and (b) the energy conservation equation with control volumes. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2005 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Control

    Schematic of SOFC discretization and heat transfer processes at a node. The subscripts cd, cv, and r refer to heat conduction, convection, and radiation, respectively. The subscripts f, a, s, 1, and 2 represent the fuel channel, air channel, solid cell, inlet, and outlet, respectively. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of SOFC discretization and heat transfer processes at a node. The subscripts cd, cv, and r refer to heat conduction, convection, and radiation, respectively. The subscripts f, a, s, 1, and 2 represent the fuel channel, air channel, solid cell, inlet, and outlet, respectively. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Convection

    Schematic of (a) 3D planar SOFC unit, (b) 3D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction, and (c) 2D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) 3D planar SOFC unit, (b) 3D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction, and (c) 2D single-channel SOFC geometry along the main flow direction.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of (a) the SOFC-H structure and (b) the SOFC-O structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2008 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the SOFC-H structure and (b) the SOFC-O structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2008 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of (a) an anode-supported planar SOFC stack; (b) cross-section of the stack; (c) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in a single cell; (d) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in the stack. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2012 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) an anode-supported planar SOFC stack; (b) cross-section of the stack; (c) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in a single cell; (d) distributions of H 2 and O 2 concentrations in the stack. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2012 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Distributions of O 2 concentrations at the cathode–electrolyte interface of SOFC stacks with (a) conventional straight channel, (b) discrete rectangular ribs; (c) discrete cylindrical ribs; (d) discrete rhombus ribs; (e) straight flow channels; (f) corrugated ribs; (g) trapezoid ribs; and (h) crisscross rectangular ribs; (i) I − V curves without considering the effect of ASR; (h) net power gain. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Distributions of O 2 concentrations at the cathode–electrolyte interface of SOFC stacks with (a) conventional straight channel, (b) discrete rectangular ribs; (c) discrete cylindrical ribs; (d) discrete rhombus ribs; (e) straight flow channels; (f) corrugated ribs; (g) trapezoid ribs; and (h) crisscross rectangular ribs; (i) I − V curves without considering the effect of ASR; (h) net power gain. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    (a) Conventional SOFC; (b) novel SOFC with bi-layer interconnector. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2011 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Conventional SOFC; (b) novel SOFC with bi-layer interconnector. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2011 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of (a) the SOFC with a conventional interconnector and (b) the SOFC using metal foam instead of a cathode rib. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the SOFC with a conventional interconnector and (b) the SOFC using metal foam instead of a cathode rib. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of (a) the 3D structure of a single-channel SOFC; (b) cross-section of the x–z plane; (c) enlarged view of the PEN structure; (d) schematic diagram of an anode with gradient porosity. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 ASME.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) the 3D structure of a single-channel SOFC; (b) cross-section of the x–z plane; (c) enlarged view of the PEN structure; (d) schematic diagram of an anode with gradient porosity. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 ASME.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Geometric structure diagram of a cone-shaped tubular segmented SOFC. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Geometric structure diagram of a cone-shaped tubular segmented SOFC. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of 2D tubular SOFC structure with added catalytic functional layer. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of 2D tubular SOFC structure with added catalytic functional layer. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Functional Assay

    Comparison of I–V and power density curves of NH 3 -fed SOFC-O and NH 3 -fed SOFC-H at operating temperatures of (a) 700 °C and (b) 800 °C. Comparison of (c) I–V curves and (d) power density curves for four cell types at an operating temperature of 800 °C (AS: anode supported). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of I–V and power density curves of NH 3 -fed SOFC-O and NH 3 -fed SOFC-H at operating temperatures of (a) 700 °C and (b) 800 °C. Comparison of (c) I–V curves and (d) power density curves for four cell types at an operating temperature of 800 °C (AS: anode supported). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Comparison

    Four stages of SOFC fabrication and operation. (b) SOFC stress simulation analysis process. (c) the failure probability of different components during the heating process. (d) the failure probability of different components during the reduction process. (e) the maximum principal stress of different components at different operating temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 IOP science.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Four stages of SOFC fabrication and operation. (b) SOFC stress simulation analysis process. (c) the failure probability of different components during the heating process. (d) the failure probability of different components during the reduction process. (e) the maximum principal stress of different components at different operating temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 IOP science.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of geometric structure of an SOFC with three different contact modes of the cathode–electrolyte interface. #1, 1 × 1 active site; #2, 3 × 3 active sites; #3, 18 × 18 active sites. Reproduced with permission from ref. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of geometric structure of an SOFC with three different contact modes of the cathode–electrolyte interface. #1, 1 × 1 active site; #2, 3 × 3 active sites; #3, 18 × 18 active sites. Reproduced with permission from ref. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of a SOFC stack with (a) double-sided cathode channel; (b) stack assembly; (c) Z-type parallel cathode flow channel structure; (d) triple-parallel serpentine cathode flow channel structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 IOP science.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of a SOFC stack with (a) double-sided cathode channel; (b) stack assembly; (c) Z-type parallel cathode flow channel structure; (d) triple-parallel serpentine cathode flow channel structure. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 IOP science.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    (a) Cross-section of a single-channel cell. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature difference in the SOFC unit with time for different (b) channel height/width (α) and (c) channel width/rib width (β) values. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 AIP.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Cross-section of a single-channel cell. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature difference in the SOFC unit with time for different (b) channel height/width (α) and (c) channel width/rib width (β) values. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 AIP.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Voltage drops of an SOFC in atmosphere with different phosphine concentrations. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Voltage drops of an SOFC in atmosphere with different phosphine concentrations. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Model framework of a large stack SOFC simulation. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Model framework of a large stack SOFC simulation. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Schematic of SOFC digital twin architecture. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of SOFC digital twin architecture. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Length and time scales for different SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , , and ). Copyright 2007, 2010, 2021 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Length and time scales for different SOFC models. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , , and ). Copyright 2007, 2010, 2021 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Validation of model of SOFC fueled by H 2 /NH 3 with (a) O 2 spillover and (b) H 2 spillover. (c) variation of surface species concentrations in SOFC and SOEC modes with H 2 spillover mechanism. (d) sensitivity of each charge transfer reaction, surface elementary reaction, or surface diffusion coefficient in SOEC and SOFC modes. R9 and R10 refer to eqs and , respectively. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , ). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of model of SOFC fueled by H 2 /NH 3 with (a) O 2 spillover and (b) H 2 spillover. (c) variation of surface species concentrations in SOFC and SOEC modes with H 2 spillover mechanism. (d) sensitivity of each charge transfer reaction, surface elementary reaction, or surface diffusion coefficient in SOEC and SOFC modes. R9 and R10 refer to eqs and , respectively. Reproduced with permission from refs ( , ). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Diffusion-based Assay

    Schematic of (a) micro-CT set-up and (b) nano-CT set-up; (c) reconstructed slices of the SOFC; (d) spongy anode substrate; (e) 3D volume rendering of the segmented micro channels SOFC; (f) 3D volume rendering of the segmented spongy anode; (g) SOFC with finger-like microchannels; (h) concentration gradient of the diffusion simulation on the pore phase of the segmented volume in (f). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of (a) micro-CT set-up and (b) nano-CT set-up; (c) reconstructed slices of the SOFC; (d) spongy anode substrate; (e) 3D volume rendering of the segmented micro channels SOFC; (f) 3D volume rendering of the segmented spongy anode; (g) SOFC with finger-like microchannels; (h) concentration gradient of the diffusion simulation on the pore phase of the segmented volume in (f). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Micro-CT, Concentration Assay, Diffusion-based Assay

    (a) Full life cycle of an SOFC electrode from powder to pressed tablet to sintered cell. (b) schematic illustration of the “powder-to-power” simulation framework comprising three modules: Module 1 uses DEM to simulate the mesoscopic structure of the electrode obtained after powder laminating, then PFM is used to trace the mesoscopic structure of the electrode during sintering, reduction, and long-term operation; Module 2 establishes the heterogeneous multiphysics field model of the electrode using LBM to simulate the life-cycle performance; and Module 3 uses a support vector machine to obtain the surrogate heterogeneous model of the electrode and adopts a multiobjective GA to optimize electrode performance. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Full life cycle of an SOFC electrode from powder to pressed tablet to sintered cell. (b) schematic illustration of the “powder-to-power” simulation framework comprising three modules: Module 1 uses DEM to simulate the mesoscopic structure of the electrode obtained after powder laminating, then PFM is used to trace the mesoscopic structure of the electrode during sintering, reduction, and long-term operation; Module 2 establishes the heterogeneous multiphysics field model of the electrode using LBM to simulate the life-cycle performance; and Module 3 uses a support vector machine to obtain the surrogate heterogeneous model of the electrode and adopts a multiobjective GA to optimize electrode performance. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Plasmid Preparation

    (a) Diagram of PEN structure, reaction process, and Ni coarsening process of direct NH 3 -fed SOFC. (b) coupling relationship between mesoscopic electrode evolution model and macroscopic single-channel cell transient degradation model. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Diagram of PEN structure, reaction process, and Ni coarsening process of direct NH 3 -fed SOFC. (b) coupling relationship between mesoscopic electrode evolution model and macroscopic single-channel cell transient degradation model. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2024 Elsevier.

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Characteristics and Performance of Different SOFC Structures

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics and Performance of Different SOFC Structures

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    Summary and Key Points of Previous SOFC Simulation Related Works

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary and Key Points of Previous SOFC Simulation Related Works

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Control

    Summary of Representative SOFC System Models <xref ref-type= a " width="100%" height="100%">

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of Representative SOFC System Models a

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Software, Control

    Characteristics of Black Box and Spatial Distribution Models

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of Black Box and Spatial Distribution Models

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Concentration Assay, Control, Comparison

    Commonly Used Equations of Fuel Reforming Kinetics in SOFC Modeling <xref ref-type= a " width="100%" height="100%">

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Commonly Used Equations of Fuel Reforming Kinetics in SOFC Modeling a

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Expressing, Biomarker Discovery, Gasification Assay

    Representative Studies on SOFC Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative Studies on SOFC Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Software, Biomarker Discovery, Comparison, Construct, Modification, Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay

    Representative Studies on SOFC Structure Optimization

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative Studies on SOFC Structure Optimization

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Software, Diffusion-based Assay, Modification, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Selection

    Representative Studies on Simulations of SOFCs Fueled by Different Fuels

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative Studies on Simulations of SOFCs Fueled by Different Fuels

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Software, Functional Assay, Concentration Assay, Comparison, In Situ

    Mechanical Properties of Commonly Used SOFC Materials <xref ref-type= 210 − 212 " width="100%" height="100%">

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanical Properties of Commonly Used SOFC Materials 210 − 212

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques:

    SOFC Soft Failure Mechanisms and Suppression Measures

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SOFC Soft Failure Mechanisms and Suppression Measures

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Generated, Adsorption, Diffusion-based Assay

    Summary of Whole-Cell/Electrode Multi-Physics Simulation Studies Based on Microstructural Reconstruction

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of Whole-Cell/Electrode Multi-Physics Simulation Studies Based on Microstructural Reconstruction

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Extraction, Comparison, Imaging, Diffusion-based Assay

    Application-Oriented Comparison of SOFC MPMs at Different Scales

    Journal: Chemical Reviews

    Article Title: A Comprehensive Review of Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Large Systems to Fine Electrodes

    doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00614

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Application-Oriented Comparison of SOFC MPMs at Different Scales

    Article Snippet: Andersson et al. , Single channel , 2D , Syngas , Yes , No , DGM , Yes , COMSOL , - , A 2D planar SOFC model was established, and the oxidation reaction of CO was considered. , ( ) .

    Techniques: Comparison, Software, Extraction